To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler. All emotions, and that one particularly, were abhorrent to his cold, precise but admirably balanced mind. He was, I take it, the most perfect reasoning and observing machine that the world has seen, but as a lover he would have placed himself in a false position. He never spoke of the softer passions, save with a gibe and a sneer. They were admirable things for the observer—excellent for drawing the veil from men’s motives and actions. But for the trained reasoner to admit such intrusions into his own delicate and finely adjusted temperament was to introduce a distracting factor which might throw a doubt upon all his mental results. Grit in a sensitive instrument, or a crack in one of his own high-power lenses, would not be more disturbing than a strong emotion in a nature such as his. And yet there was but one woman to him, and that woman was the late Irene Adler, of dubious and questionable memory. I had seen little of Holmes lately. My marriage had drifted us away from each other. My own complete happiness, and the home-centred interests which rise up around the man who first finds himself master of his own establishment, were suf- ficient to absorb all my attention, while Holmes, who loathed every form of society with his whole Bohemian soul, remained in our lodgings in Baker Street, buried among his old books, and alternating from week to week between cocaine and ambition, the drowsiness of the drug, and the fierce energy of his own keen nature. He was still, as ever, deeply attracted by the study of crime, and occupied his immense faculties and extraordinary powers of observation in following out those clues, and clearing up those mysteries which had been abandoned as hopeless by the official police. From time to time I heard some vague account of his doings: of his summons to Odessa in the case of the Trepoff murder, of his clearing up of the singular tragedy of the Atkinson brothers at Trincomalee, and finally of the mission which he had accomplished so delicately and successfully for the reigning family of Holland. Beyond these signs of his activity, however, which I merely shared with all the readers of the daily press, I knew little of my former friend and companion.
Sunday, November 6, 2016
Saturday, November 5, 2016
PDFZilla PDF Compressor Pro 3.1.2 + Crack
PDF Compressor is a Windows utility that compresses scanned PDF files and reduces PDF file size from 30 MB to only 8 MB (Compression Ratio: 23%) fast and easily. This tool allows users to change the compressing value to get better compressed result and content quality. Also, the program supports batch mode and lets users compress hundreds of PDF documents at one time.
Files size : 1 x 9.7 MB
Media Size : 9.7 MB
Language : English
Candy Crush Saga
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Candy Crush Saga is a super-sweet free strategy game for Android. Tiffi and Mr Toffee need your help!
Don't get crushed
Candy Crush Saga is a puzzle game where brightly colored candy takes the starring role. Your task is to link a minimum of three candies, vertically or horizontally, so that they will disappear from the game grid. Successfully doing this will allow you to accumulate points, which will give you access to new levels. It's a well-structured game and the difficultly level is well calibrated, so you'll get just the right degree of a challenge.
Sickly-sweet graphics
When you're playing Candy Crush, it's important not to get stressed by the time limits. If you do, you're likely to hit a bomb at a crucial point, losing the game completely. Keep cool, and solve the puzzle before the time runs out!
Candy Crush Saga, as you might expect, is bright, colorful and cute. That said, we think the graphics and sound are second-rate - it looks cheap and gameplay is jumpy and ragged, which is completely unnecessary and a real pity
Does popularity equal quality?
Candy Crush is an overwhelmingly popular game. It's quite likely lots of your friends are playing and sharing their progress on Facebook, so we can't blame you for wanting a go.
That said, we think Candy Crush Saga is a whole lot of hype over nothing. The gameplay is cliched and overdone, the graphics are poor and the whole game looks second rate. If you're looking for a cute time waster for Android, you can do much better.
Notes
Clicking the Download button will take you to a page on Google Play, from where you can install the app
Candy Crush Saga is a super-sweet free strategy game for Android. Tiffi and Mr Toffee need your help!
Don't get crushed
Candy Crush Saga is a puzzle game where brightly colored candy takes the starring role. Your task is to link a minimum of three candies, vertically or horizontally, so that they will disappear from the game grid. Successfully doing this will allow you to accumulate points, which will give you access to new levels. It's a well-structured game and the difficultly level is well calibrated, so you'll get just the right degree of a challenge.
Sickly-sweet graphics
When you're playing Candy Crush, it's important not to get stressed by the time limits. If you do, you're likely to hit a bomb at a crucial point, losing the game completely. Keep cool, and solve the puzzle before the time runs out!
Candy Crush Saga, as you might expect, is bright, colorful and cute. That said, we think the graphics and sound are second-rate - it looks cheap and gameplay is jumpy and ragged, which is completely unnecessary and a real pity
Does popularity equal quality?
Candy Crush is an overwhelmingly popular game. It's quite likely lots of your friends are playing and sharing their progress on Facebook, so we can't blame you for wanting a go.
That said, we think Candy Crush Saga is a whole lot of hype over nothing. The gameplay is cliched and overdone, the graphics are poor and the whole game looks second rate. If you're looking for a cute time waster for Android, you can do much better.
Notes
Clicking the Download button will take you to a page on Google Play, from where you can install the app
Talking Tom Cat
Download
Talking Tom Cat is a virtual feline who resides on your Android phone to provide you with some companionship while you're on the move. He will repeat back anything you say to him in a high-pitched cat voice.
Smarter than your average feline
Besides speaking in a funny voice, Talking Tom Cat acts much like a real pet. You can, for example, feed him or pet him(not too hard though or it's liable to make a swing for you!). You'll find out that he's a cat of many talents as you play. For instance, Talking Tom can also drink milk, play the cymbals, fart, and blow out candles. Some of these things can only be done by upgrading to the full version of Talking Tom Cat, through the app.
Talking Tom Cat includes an option to record videos of the cat in action and share them with your buddies via message or social network. It's fun to say stupid things for him to repeat or record him playing then send to your friends.
Simple, but no lasting appeal
Controlling Talking Tom Cat is very easy. You can choose to just speak and wait for Tom to repeat what you say, or touch the screen with your finger to interact with Tom. Depending on how, or where, you touch him, Talking Tom will react in a certain way.
If you get bored of Talking Tom Cat, you can always play the second part of the game, or download one of the many other talking animal games from developer Outfit 7 that have followed this title, such as Talking Ben the Dog, Talking Gina the Giraffe, or Talking Ginger.
A complete messaging app
It doesn't have enough action to give it any real lasting appeal, but Talking Tom Cat will give you a good giggle for a while.
Recent changes
Talking Tom is now translated to 8 languages: Japanese, German, Chinese, Korean, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese
Talking Tom Cat is a virtual feline who resides on your Android phone to provide you with some companionship while you're on the move. He will repeat back anything you say to him in a high-pitched cat voice.
Smarter than your average feline
Besides speaking in a funny voice, Talking Tom Cat acts much like a real pet. You can, for example, feed him or pet him(not too hard though or it's liable to make a swing for you!). You'll find out that he's a cat of many talents as you play. For instance, Talking Tom can also drink milk, play the cymbals, fart, and blow out candles. Some of these things can only be done by upgrading to the full version of Talking Tom Cat, through the app.
Talking Tom Cat includes an option to record videos of the cat in action and share them with your buddies via message or social network. It's fun to say stupid things for him to repeat or record him playing then send to your friends.
Simple, but no lasting appeal
Controlling Talking Tom Cat is very easy. You can choose to just speak and wait for Tom to repeat what you say, or touch the screen with your finger to interact with Tom. Depending on how, or where, you touch him, Talking Tom will react in a certain way.
If you get bored of Talking Tom Cat, you can always play the second part of the game, or download one of the many other talking animal games from developer Outfit 7 that have followed this title, such as Talking Ben the Dog, Talking Gina the Giraffe, or Talking Ginger.
A complete messaging app
It doesn't have enough action to give it any real lasting appeal, but Talking Tom Cat will give you a good giggle for a while.
Recent changes
Talking Tom is now translated to 8 languages: Japanese, German, Chinese, Korean, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese
Clash of Clans
Download
In Clash of Clans, you play the role of the head of a barbarian tribe. Your goal is to create a town that is rich in resources, and that is also well protected so that you don’t get attacked by enemy tribes. Of course, you can also attack these tribes by using the skills of your own people and then reaping the rewards.
Build, collect ... and attack!
To make your village prosperous, you must create warehousesto generate resources and to have a place to store your materials. In the same way as in a city-building game, you have land to build on, which you can gradually increase.
Building and upgrading your warehouses is really very simple and you can do this in batch (for example, if you want to upgrade several warehouses at the same time). But don’t just focus on building beautiful warehouses, you also need to protect them.
To protect your assets, you can surround your city walls and put in elements that hinder the attacks, like guns or turrets for your archers. You can also recruit and train troops so they can go and plunder rival villages to make you rich. These troops include giants, archers, wizards, skeletons and pilots.
With your troops are ready and well prepared, you can go to visit the neighbouring villages, which will either be controlled by other users or by the computer (if you are using the game’s story mode). Maybe you’ll be victorious and lose just a few men, or you might have a disastrous expedition and so have to hire new soldiers willing to die in combat. Although, as Clash of Clans features in-app purchases, you need to be patient if you don’t want to pay.
Clans are the key to victory
Not all clans will turn out to be your enemies. In Clash of Clans you canform clans online, with whom you can share troops, exchange resources and do everything in your power to be the best clan in the universe.
Clash of Clans regularly updates and improves the way the clan system works. For example, if you create a clan you can add the frequency of attacks, as well as the location. And if you prefer to join an existing clan you can search for one based on these criteria. This means you will not run the risk of being expelled from a clan because you don’t have enough time to play, something that used to happen pretty often.
On an artistic level, Clash of Clans features cartoon-style graphics, and the number of objects and troops that you can add is varied and expands as you level up.
Barbaric wars
Clash of Clans is a game that is all about strategy and building up your resources. While this kind of game is not new and we’ve seen similar titles on PC for decades, developers Supercell have managed to turn Clash of Clans into a reference point for mobile games of this genre. The game feels complete and entertaining, without resorting to the complexity of franchises such as Age of Empires.
Notes
Clicking the Download link will take you to a page on the Google Play store, from where you can download and install the game.
In Clash of Clans, you play the role of the head of a barbarian tribe. Your goal is to create a town that is rich in resources, and that is also well protected so that you don’t get attacked by enemy tribes. Of course, you can also attack these tribes by using the skills of your own people and then reaping the rewards.
Build, collect ... and attack!
To make your village prosperous, you must create warehousesto generate resources and to have a place to store your materials. In the same way as in a city-building game, you have land to build on, which you can gradually increase.
Building and upgrading your warehouses is really very simple and you can do this in batch (for example, if you want to upgrade several warehouses at the same time). But don’t just focus on building beautiful warehouses, you also need to protect them.
To protect your assets, you can surround your city walls and put in elements that hinder the attacks, like guns or turrets for your archers. You can also recruit and train troops so they can go and plunder rival villages to make you rich. These troops include giants, archers, wizards, skeletons and pilots.
With your troops are ready and well prepared, you can go to visit the neighbouring villages, which will either be controlled by other users or by the computer (if you are using the game’s story mode). Maybe you’ll be victorious and lose just a few men, or you might have a disastrous expedition and so have to hire new soldiers willing to die in combat. Although, as Clash of Clans features in-app purchases, you need to be patient if you don’t want to pay.
Clans are the key to victory
Not all clans will turn out to be your enemies. In Clash of Clans you canform clans online, with whom you can share troops, exchange resources and do everything in your power to be the best clan in the universe.
Clash of Clans regularly updates and improves the way the clan system works. For example, if you create a clan you can add the frequency of attacks, as well as the location. And if you prefer to join an existing clan you can search for one based on these criteria. This means you will not run the risk of being expelled from a clan because you don’t have enough time to play, something that used to happen pretty often.
On an artistic level, Clash of Clans features cartoon-style graphics, and the number of objects and troops that you can add is varied and expands as you level up.
Barbaric wars
Clash of Clans is a game that is all about strategy and building up your resources. While this kind of game is not new and we’ve seen similar titles on PC for decades, developers Supercell have managed to turn Clash of Clans into a reference point for mobile games of this genre. The game feels complete and entertaining, without resorting to the complexity of franchises such as Age of Empires.
Notes
Clicking the Download link will take you to a page on the Google Play store, from where you can download and install the game.
Flee from the grumpy inspector in this Temple Run-style game
Download
Subway Surfers is a Temple Run-style game where you have to escape from a railway inspector angry with you for spraying graffiti over the station.
Keep on running
The objective of Subway Surfers is very simple. You automatically dart up the screen along the train tracks, and must avoid all the obstacles in your path, such as trains, buffers and carts.
Along the way you need tocollect coins which can be exchanged in Subway Surfers for special items such as coin magnets, hover boards and even paint-powered jet packs. These power-ups really help to make the game more exciting, and often they are needed in order to overcome a particularly tough part of the game.
The game allows you to challenge your Facebook friends and also gives you the possibility to earn more coins for Subway Surfers by inviting friends via Facebook.
Controls and environment in Subway Surfers
The touch controls in Subway Surfers couldn't be simpler. You can dodge by tapping left or right, jump by swiping upwards, or duck by swiping downwards. Running is done for you, so these touch controls are all you need to worry about. You can activate power-ups simply by running into them then using them to perform special feats.
Subway Surfers is a good looking endless running game. The 3D graphics are bright and colorful, and there's plenty of fun and humor in there. Sound effects and music are used to good effect too.
The verdict
Subway Surfers is a fun reworking of the Temple Run format, which isaddictive to play and will keep you coming back for more.
Notes
Clicking the Download button will take you to a page on Google Play, from where you can purchase and install the app.
Subway Surfers is a Temple Run-style game where you have to escape from a railway inspector angry with you for spraying graffiti over the station.
Keep on running
The objective of Subway Surfers is very simple. You automatically dart up the screen along the train tracks, and must avoid all the obstacles in your path, such as trains, buffers and carts.
Along the way you need tocollect coins which can be exchanged in Subway Surfers for special items such as coin magnets, hover boards and even paint-powered jet packs. These power-ups really help to make the game more exciting, and often they are needed in order to overcome a particularly tough part of the game.
The game allows you to challenge your Facebook friends and also gives you the possibility to earn more coins for Subway Surfers by inviting friends via Facebook.
Controls and environment in Subway Surfers
The touch controls in Subway Surfers couldn't be simpler. You can dodge by tapping left or right, jump by swiping upwards, or duck by swiping downwards. Running is done for you, so these touch controls are all you need to worry about. You can activate power-ups simply by running into them then using them to perform special feats.
Subway Surfers is a good looking endless running game. The 3D graphics are bright and colorful, and there's plenty of fun and humor in there. Sound effects and music are used to good effect too.
The verdict
Subway Surfers is a fun reworking of the Temple Run format, which isaddictive to play and will keep you coming back for more.
Notes
Clicking the Download button will take you to a page on Google Play, from where you can purchase and install the app.
Bring Android gaming to your PC with KoPlayer
KoPlayer is an Android emulator; it allows you to run Android games or apps on your desktop PC. In addition to simply running Android software, it has a number of other features that make it stand out, particularly for Android gamers or content creators. Swipe and tap controls map to keyboard and mouse commands, and the app offers settings that let you customize exactly how it accomplishes this task.
Standing out from the crowd
There are a lot of Android emulators out there, fueled largely by the demand for Android gaming that doesn't break the battery, but KoPlayer has some features that distinguish it from most of its competitors. Most notably, it has a video capture feature that lets you record directly from the emulated device's screen. This is very handy for those who want to record their gameplay to share, although they'll still have to go through the trouble of editing and uploading the video. It runs Google Play, allowing you to download the apps you own, but it also has its own marketplace.
Make your mobile gaming stationary again
Like other Android emulators, KoPlayer has its faults; not every app runs perfectly, although most do, and the change from touch to keyboard controls can take some getting used to. But if you want to play Android games on your desktop, this simple emulator is a strong choice.
Standing out from the crowd
There are a lot of Android emulators out there, fueled largely by the demand for Android gaming that doesn't break the battery, but KoPlayer has some features that distinguish it from most of its competitors. Most notably, it has a video capture feature that lets you record directly from the emulated device's screen. This is very handy for those who want to record their gameplay to share, although they'll still have to go through the trouble of editing and uploading the video. It runs Google Play, allowing you to download the apps you own, but it also has its own marketplace.
Make your mobile gaming stationary again
Like other Android emulators, KoPlayer has its faults; not every app runs perfectly, although most do, and the change from touch to keyboard controls can take some getting used to. But if you want to play Android games on your desktop, this simple emulator is a strong choice.
BlueStacks App Player
Download
BlueStacks App Player allows users to run Android applications on a Windows 7 PC.
If you have an Android phone, you've probably installed an app or two. Wouldn't it be nice to be able to run them on your Windows PC? BlueStacks App Player makes this possible for certain apps.
BlueStacks App Player is the alpha version of an emulator that lets you use Android on PC. It works a bit like a widget. When clicked, BlueStacks App Player will display the ten apps that have already been pre-installed, which are mostly games.
BlueStacks App Player's interface is easy to navigate. You can install new applications by clicking the "Get More Apps" button. Currently, there aremore than 25 apps you can install this way. Hopefully, the number will grow as BlueStacks App Player develops.
The BlueStacks App Player team is currently taking emails for volunteer signups for an upcoming beta release as well. You can add your name to the list on the program's official website.
BlueStacks App Player is onto a good start when it comes to running Android apps on your PC.
Zika vaccines look promising
So far they have been tested only in animals
MEGHAN ROSEN |
| A computer graphic depicting Zika viruses present in the blood of an infected individual. New vaccines may make people better able to resist Zika infections. MAURIZIO DE ANGELIS. WELLCOME IMAGES /FLICKR (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) |
For the past few months, an outbreak of Zika virus in the Americas has put the globe on high alert. An epidemic of infections — some with potentially devastating side effects — has raced through Brazil and beyond. High numbers of new cases have been emerging throughout Rio de Janeiro, site of this summer’s Olympic Games. Not surprisingly, there has been a race to create a Zika vaccine — a drug to protect still-unexposed people from this mosquito-borne virus. But in this vaccine race, researchers face a marathon, not a sprint.
A vaccine that’s safe and ready to use in people could take years. That means it might not be available until long after the current epidemic is over. Last week, though, several bits of good news emerged. Scientists announced that two candidate vaccines show promise.
Explainer: What is a virus?
Just a single shot of either protects mice from the Zika virus. That’s what Dan Barouch and colleagues reported June 28 in Nature. This vaccine researcher works at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Mass.One vaccine comes from an inactivated form of the virus. That means it is a type that cannot cause the disease. The other vaccine uses snippets of Zika DNA. Both vaccines prevented infection by a strain of Zika that has been infecting people in Brazil. Those vaccines protected mice for at least two months, Barouch said at a news briefing on June 27.
“These findings certainly raise optimism that the development of a safe and effective vaccine against Zika virus for humans may be successful,” he said. Tests in people, he said, “should proceed as quickly as possible.” And indeed, the safety of both candidate drugs is due to be tested in people this fall.
In late June, a different DNA-based vaccine also got the green light for testing in people. It has been developed by two drug companies.
Monkey study supports vaccine prospects
Another research team, led by Dawn Dudley at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, infected eight rhesus macaque (REE-sus Mah-KAK) monkeys with the Zika virus. Afterward, the scientists measured virus levels in the blood and other fluids. After the infection had passed, the team infected three of the monkeys again. This time, none showed signs of Zika in blood, urine or saliva — even 28 days later. |
| A Zika-virus researcher works with samples at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Vaccine Research Center. NIAID/ FLICKR (CC BY 2.0) |
A vaccine works by tricking the body into thinking it was already infected with a virus and survived. So these data from monkeys, Dudley says, suggest “that a vaccine could be quite effective against the virus.” Dudley is a molecular biologist who spoke at a news briefing on June 27. She says her data also suggest that once people get over a Zika infection they might not get another for quite a long time.
Dudley’s group reported its findings June 28 in Nature Communications.
In fact, Zika is a big concern for pregnant women. A growing body of data shows that an infection early in pregnancy can permanently harm a developing baby’s brain. The bad news, Dudley’s team now finds, is that pregnancy seems to increase how long a Zika infection lingers in the body.
Her team infected monkeys with Zika. Those that were not pregnant cleared the virus in about 10 days. But the germs hung on far longer in pregnant monkeys. In one case, they showed up in the blood for almost two months (57 days).
(Story continues below graph)
This graph shows the lifetime of Zika virus in the blood of one pregnant monkey (57 days) — or almost six times longer than is typical in nonpregnant animals.
D.M. DUDLEY ET AL/NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 2016
The longer mothers have the virus, “the more severe the fetal infection might be,” said David O’Connor. That’s the fear anyway, says this coauthor of the study. He too works at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. To find out whether it’s true, he noted, more studies must be done.
Lavinia Schüler Faccini works at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Her team has been following 83 babies whose mothers appeared to get infected while they were pregnant. At least 92 percent of the babies showed abnormalities, they found.
Dudley’s group reported its findings June 28 in Nature Communications.
In fact, Zika is a big concern for pregnant women. A growing body of data shows that an infection early in pregnancy can permanently harm a developing baby’s brain. The bad news, Dudley’s team now finds, is that pregnancy seems to increase how long a Zika infection lingers in the body.
Her team infected monkeys with Zika. Those that were not pregnant cleared the virus in about 10 days. But the germs hung on far longer in pregnant monkeys. In one case, they showed up in the blood for almost two months (57 days).
(Story continues below graph)
This graph shows the lifetime of Zika virus in the blood of one pregnant monkey (57 days) — or almost six times longer than is typical in nonpregnant animals.D.M. DUDLEY ET AL/NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 2016
The longer mothers have the virus, “the more severe the fetal infection might be,” said David O’Connor. That’s the fear anyway, says this coauthor of the study. He too works at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. To find out whether it’s true, he noted, more studies must be done.
Risks to babies
Earlier this year, studies linked a mother’s Zika infection early during pregnancy to a very serious birth defect. Called microcephaly (My-kroh-SEFF-uh-lee), it is a small and underdeveloped brain. Now, a Brazilian team has shown that’s not the only risk to babies.Lavinia Schüler Faccini works at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Her team has been following 83 babies whose mothers appeared to get infected while they were pregnant. At least 92 percent of the babies showed abnormalities, they found.
 |
| Health-care worker in Colombia explains the risks of Zika to a concerned woman. PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION / FLICKR (CC BY-NC 2.0) |
Some had vision problems. Others showed signs of brain problems, such as decreased movements or alertness. Some babies also had hand and foot deformities and an extra dimpling in their elbows and knees. Those last issues could lead to later problems when the babies get ready to walk.
Faccini presented her group’s findings June 29 in San Antonio, Texas. She spoke at the annual meeting of the Teratology Society. (Teratology is the study of birth defects.)
Meanwhile, as the Zika virus has been spreading north out of Brazil and into Colombia, more cases of microcephaly have started showing up there. Many conditions can lead to this birth defect. Some small number of cases would occur even in the absence of Zika. But between June 12 and 18, five new cases showed up in babies of moms who had been infected. So far, Colombia has reported 11 such cases of Zika-linked microcephaly.
Before Colombia’s recent report, the number of cases had hovered near the normal, low background levels, notes Yaneer Bar-Yam. He’s a scientist who runs the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge, Mass. The recent uptick in Colombia’s microcephaly cases is “strong evidence” that Zika is responsible, he says.
Bar-Yam and his colleagues reported their preliminary analysis June 27, on the institute’s website. The researchers now estimate that Colombia could see 200 more microcephaly cases in the next two to three months.
“If we get a whole bunch more cases,” Bar-Yam says, “we will definitely see that Zika is causing microcephaly.” But, he adds, “if we don’t see those cases, then we’ll have to reevaluate.”
Word Find
DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) A long, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells that carries genetic instructions. It is built on a backbone of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms.In all living things, from plants and animals to microbes, these instructions tell cells which molecules to make.
epidemic A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease that sickens many people (or other organisms) in a community at the same time. The term also may be applied to non-infectious diseases or conditions that have spread in a similar way.
fetus (Adj. fetal) The term for a mammal during its later-stages of development in the womb. For humans, this term is usually applied after the eighth week of development.
infection A disease that can spread from one organism to another.
influenza (or flu) A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever and severe aching. It often occurs as an epidemic.
microcephaly A birth defect in which a baby is born with a head that is smaller than expected. Other problems may also develop, including seizures, developmental delays, hearing and vision problems, and problems with movement and balance.
preliminary An early step or stage that precedes something more important.
rhesus monkey (also called rhesus macaque) A small brown macaque with red skin on the its face and rump, native to southern Asia. It is often kept in captivity and is widely used in medical research.
strain (in biology) Organisms that belong to the same species that share some small but definable characteristics. For example, biologists breed certain strains of mice that may have a particular susceptibility to disease. Certain bacteria or viruses may develop one or more mutations that turn them into a strain that is immune to the ordinarily lethal effect of one or more drugs.
vaccine A biological mixture that resembles a disease-causing agent. It is given to help the body create immunity to a particular disease. The injections used to administer most vaccines are known as vaccinations.
virus Tiny infectious particles consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by protein. Viruses can reproduce only by injecting their genetic material into the cells of living creatures. Although scientists frequently refer to viruses as live or dead, in fact no virus is truly alive. It doesn’t eat like animals do, or make its own food the way plants do. It must hijack the cellular machinery of a living cell in order to survive.
Zika virus A virus that can be transmitted to humans via mosquitoes. About 20 percent of infected people get sick. Symptoms include a slight fever, rash and pinkeye and usually fade quickly. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus could also cause a devastating birth defect — microcephaly. Evidence suggests it may also cause neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Faccini presented her group’s findings June 29 in San Antonio, Texas. She spoke at the annual meeting of the Teratology Society. (Teratology is the study of birth defects.)
Meanwhile, as the Zika virus has been spreading north out of Brazil and into Colombia, more cases of microcephaly have started showing up there. Many conditions can lead to this birth defect. Some small number of cases would occur even in the absence of Zika. But between June 12 and 18, five new cases showed up in babies of moms who had been infected. So far, Colombia has reported 11 such cases of Zika-linked microcephaly.
Before Colombia’s recent report, the number of cases had hovered near the normal, low background levels, notes Yaneer Bar-Yam. He’s a scientist who runs the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge, Mass. The recent uptick in Colombia’s microcephaly cases is “strong evidence” that Zika is responsible, he says.
Bar-Yam and his colleagues reported their preliminary analysis June 27, on the institute’s website. The researchers now estimate that Colombia could see 200 more microcephaly cases in the next two to three months.
“If we get a whole bunch more cases,” Bar-Yam says, “we will definitely see that Zika is causing microcephaly.” But, he adds, “if we don’t see those cases, then we’ll have to reevaluate.”
Word Find
Power Words
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC is charged with protecting public health and safety by working to control and prevent disease, injury and disabilities. It does this by investigating disease outbreaks, tracking exposures by Americans to infections and toxic chemicals, and regularly surveying diet and other habits among a representative cross-section of all Americans.DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) A long, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells that carries genetic instructions. It is built on a backbone of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms.In all living things, from plants and animals to microbes, these instructions tell cells which molecules to make.
epidemic A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease that sickens many people (or other organisms) in a community at the same time. The term also may be applied to non-infectious diseases or conditions that have spread in a similar way.
fetus (Adj. fetal) The term for a mammal during its later-stages of development in the womb. For humans, this term is usually applied after the eighth week of development.
infection A disease that can spread from one organism to another.
influenza (or flu) A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever and severe aching. It often occurs as an epidemic.
microcephaly A birth defect in which a baby is born with a head that is smaller than expected. Other problems may also develop, including seizures, developmental delays, hearing and vision problems, and problems with movement and balance.
preliminary An early step or stage that precedes something more important.
rhesus monkey (also called rhesus macaque) A small brown macaque with red skin on the its face and rump, native to southern Asia. It is often kept in captivity and is widely used in medical research.
strain (in biology) Organisms that belong to the same species that share some small but definable characteristics. For example, biologists breed certain strains of mice that may have a particular susceptibility to disease. Certain bacteria or viruses may develop one or more mutations that turn them into a strain that is immune to the ordinarily lethal effect of one or more drugs.
vaccine A biological mixture that resembles a disease-causing agent. It is given to help the body create immunity to a particular disease. The injections used to administer most vaccines are known as vaccinations.
virus Tiny infectious particles consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by protein. Viruses can reproduce only by injecting their genetic material into the cells of living creatures. Although scientists frequently refer to viruses as live or dead, in fact no virus is truly alive. It doesn’t eat like animals do, or make its own food the way plants do. It must hijack the cellular machinery of a living cell in order to survive.
Zika virus A virus that can be transmitted to humans via mosquitoes. About 20 percent of infected people get sick. Symptoms include a slight fever, rash and pinkeye and usually fade quickly. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus could also cause a devastating birth defect — microcephaly. Evidence suggests it may also cause neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
(www.sciencenewsforstudents.org)
Don’t use dinner-table spoons for liquid medicines!
Doctors explain why liquid medicines must be measured precisely — but often aren’t
RACHEL CROWELL |
| This is no way to give medicines, especially to children. This tableware spoon is too imprecise to measure out liquids accurately. IA_64 / ISTOCKPHOTO |
From ice cream to exercise, too much of a good thing can make people sick. And when people take too much medicine, the effect can be dangerous. That’s why doctors are concerned about the findings of a new survey.
Liquid medicines can be tricky to measure correctly. Doctors recommend measuring drugs with tools such as medicine droppers and oral syringes. They strongly prefer the use of these over such things as kitchen spoons. But recommendations are only helpful if people follow them. And many parents don’t, the new survey indicates.
Shonna Yin is a pediatrician at New York University in New York City. She was part of the team that studied how parents interpret the dosing instructions on labels for liquid medicines. Her team recruited 2,096 parents to take part. All had at least one child who was eight or younger.
The parents read the dosing label for a liquid medicine. They then selected the tool they would use to measure it. Many chose imprecise spoons from a flatware set.
The name “teaspoon” can apply to two types of spoons. A teaspoon for baking has a precise size. It always delivers the same amount of an ingredient. But the term is also given to a spoon that is part of a flatware set used for dining. These dinnerware teaspoons can vary widely in size. A parent who uses one of those spoons risks dispensing too much or too little medicine.
Yet plenty of parents are ready to do that, the new study found. The findings will appear in an upcoming issue of the journal Academic Pediatrics.
Spooning it out, by the numbers
The scientists recruited parents who had brought a child to one of three outpatient clinics. At least seven out of every 10 people visiting these clinics come from low-income households.
This young girl is using an oral syringe to take her medicine. Doctors point to these as one tool that can help parents give their kids the proper amount of liquid medicine.
Pixygirlly /ISTOCKPHOTO
The parents were randomly divided into five groups. Each received dosing instructions for a liquid medicine. Two groups received labels that only had one unit on them: milliliters, abbreviated as mL. Parents in a third group were given labels that had two units. These were milliliters, abbreviated as mL, and teaspoons, abbreviated as “tsp.” Parents in a fourth group were given labels that had mL and “teaspoons.” Parents in the fifth group were given labels that only had one unit: teaspoons, spelled out.
The parents were shown a card with labeled photos of dispensing tools. These included dosing spoons, measuring spoons, dosing cups, droppers and oral syringes. Each had markings to help measure a dose accurately. Other photos showed flatware teaspoons and tablespoons — tools that cannot measure liquids accurately.
After looking at the card, the researchers asked each parent: “If you had all of these dosing tools at home, which of these would let you give your child the correct amount of medicine?”
Parents who were given labels with teaspoon units were most likely to choose a flatware spoon. This was the case even when the label also included a milliliter option. In all, more than one-quarter (27.7 percent) of parents who were given labels that contained teaspoon units chose a dinnerware spoon. In contrast, only 8.3 percent of parents in the groups given labels with just the milliliter units chose such an imprecise spoon.
Of parents given milliliter and “tsp” instructions, 22.2 percent chose a kitchen spoon. The share was even higher, 29 to 31.8 percent, among parents who had been given milliliter and “teaspoon” instructions or “teaspoon” only instructions.
How “health literate” are parents?
Parents’ health knowledge might affect their dosing choice. The researchers describe this understanding as “health literacy.” This term “has to do with how a person understands information about their health, and how they make decisions about their health using that information,” explains Yin.More than three out of every four parents (77 percent) in the study didn’t score well on health literacy. And this group was less likely to pick an accurate measuring tool.
Doctors and other professionals can help parents understand how to measure medicines more precisely, the authors say. After all, the stakes for getting it right are high. “Kitchen spoons come in many different shapes and sizes,” notes Yin. “Reaching for the wrong size spoon could lead to someone giving more [medicine] than intended, or less.”
The new data support guidelines by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Both recommend that doctors and drug companies label dose information only in milliliter units.
The study also supports another recommendation made by the American Academy of Pediatrics, notes Ian Paul. He is a pediatrician at Penn State College of Medicine in Hershey, Pa. That group of doctors recommends “using syringes with metric units.”
What’s more, such a switch might help parents, who can become distracted when dealing with a sick child. They could misread tablespoons for teaspoons. Or they might confuse the number for this unit with the milliliter amount. Giving 2 tablespoons instead of 2 milliliters, Yin notes, would result in a child ingesting 15 times the labeled dose. A serious overdose could cause abnormal heart rhythms or even seizures, she points out.
“It’s important for kids to start learning about how to take care of their own health, even at a young age,” argues Yin. “That way, when they are on their own, away from their parents, they will know what to do to keep themselves healthy.”
Power Words
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC is charged with protecting public health and safety by working to control and prevent disease, injury and disabilities. It does this by investigating disease outbreaks, tracking exposures by Americans to infections and toxic chemicals, and regularly surveying diet and other habits among a representative cross-section of all Americans.dropper (in medicine) Commonly called an “eye” dropper, it is a tool for dispensing medicines that are measured by the drop.
milliliter One-thousandth of a liter (equal to about 1/5 of a teaspoon). The abbreviation for milliliter is mL.
pediatrician A doctor who works in the field of medicine that has to do with children and especially child health. This field of medicine is known as pediatrics.
statistically significant In research, if a result that is obtained is statistically significant, it means there is a very high likelihood that any difference that is measured between two or more conditions was not the result of random accidents.
seizure A sudden surge of electrical activity within the brain. Seizures are often a symptom of epilepsy and may cause dramatic spasming of muscles.
survey (v.) To ask questions that glean data on the opinions, practices (such as dining or sleeping habits), knowledge or skills of a broad range of people. Researchers select the number and types of people questioned in hopes that the answers these individuals give will be representative of others who are their age, belong to the same ethnic group or live in the same region. (n.) The list of questions that will be offered to glean those data.
syringe A device for dispensing medicines that uses a plunger to draw in and later release a dose. It can be used for drugs, such as insulin, that are delivered through a needle tip into the muscle. Or it can hold oral medicines that will be swallowed.
(www.sciencenewsforstudents.org)
Friday, November 4, 2016
Zika can damage the brains of even adults
The virus killed off certain brain cells and limited their replacement with new cells
MEGHAN ROSEN
 |
| A new study points that Zika may harm the brains of everyone, not just developing babies. JARUN011 / ISTOCKPHOTO |
A Zika epidemic has been rampaging through the Americas. A mosquito-borne virus causes the disease, and has caused few symptoms in most of its adult victims. Its big threat, this year, seemed to be the risk that it posed to babies developing in the womb. It could limit the size of their heads and result in intellectual impairments. But now a new symptom has emerged. The virus can kill stem cells and limit their numbers in the brains of adults — at least in adult mice.
These new data suggest the virus may cause unknown — and potentially long-term — damage to adult minds. Scientists described their new finding August 18 in the journalCell Stem Cell.
Most adults infected with Zika show few if any signs. Some may develop a headache, fever, rash and mild flu-like symptoms. These may last up to a week. In rare cases, things can be far worse. People may become paralyzed for days to a month or more. This syndrome is known as Guillain-Barré (Gee-YAHN bur-RAY). It typically causes weakness or tingling in the legs. But in severe cases, people may become totally paralyzed. Until they recover, these patients may breathe only with the help of a ventilator in a hospital’s intensive care unit.
But the main reason public health officials have been concerned about Zika’s spread is that it might be picked up by pregnant women. If the virus lodges in the brain of a fetus, it could kill some of the baby’s developing brain cells. And that may have happened already in more than 1,000 babies to date. Many of them were born with unusually small heads and brains. This condition, which can be caused by a number of infections, is known as microcephaly (My-kro-SEFF-uh-lee). It can limit a child’s brain development, with impacts that last a lifetime.
But the latest study finds that babies’ brains may not be the only ones at risk. Stem cells are unusual cells. What makes them special is that they aren’t special at all. Bone cells are different from nerve cells, which are different from skin cells. One of these specialized cells can’t take the place of another. But stem cells can. They can mature into many types — sometimes any types — of cells that the body may need.
If Zika targets newborn brain cells, it might do the same in adults. Or at least that’s what Joseph Gleeson had worried. Gleeson is a neuroscientist of Rockefeller University in New York City. Parts of the forebrain and the hippocampus play a major role in learning and memory. Both areas in the adult brain continue to make nerve cells. So Gleeson and his team decided to investigate whether those stem cells might be vulnerable to Zika.
And they were in the adult mice that they infected with Zika. The virus hit these brain regions hard. Nerve cells died. And in the forebrain and hippocampus, fewer new stem cells emerged. How few? The affected parts of the brain in these mice made just half to one-fifth as many new cells as did those areas in healthy mice.
It’s possible that people may not react the same way. One reason: The test mice were special. They had been genetically engineered to have weak immune systems. And that made them especially likely to pick up a Zika infection.
But Zika could potentially harm people who already have an impaired immune system, the authors say. It’s even possible that healthy people may be affected as the mice were. Clearly, more research is needed.
Power Words
cell The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Typically too small to see with the naked eye, it consists of watery fluid surrounded by a membrane or wall. Animals are made of anywhere from thousands to trillions of cells, depending on their size. Some organisms, such as yeasts, molds, bacteria and some algae, are composed of only one cell.development (v. develop) In biology, the growth of an organism from conception through adulthood, often undergoing changes in chemistry, size and sometimes even shape.
epidemic A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease that sickens many people (or other organisms) in a community at the same time. The term also may be applied to non-infectious diseases or conditions that have spread in a similar way.
fetus (adj. fetal ) The term for a mammal during its later-stages of development in the womb. For humans, this term is usually applied after the eighth week of development.
flu Short for influenza. A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever and severe aching. It often occurs as an epidemic.
Guillain-Barré Pronounced Gee-YAHN Bur-RAY. A rare condition that begins as the body’s immune system attacks peripheral nerves, causing weakness or tingling in the lower extremities. In severe cases, total paralysis can result. Three to 5 percent of people with Guillain-Barré die from complications, scientists estimate. The syndrome is thought to be a complication of several infectious diseases, including HIV, dengue, influenza and Zika.
hippocampus A seahorse-shaped region of the brain. It is thought to be the center of emotion, memory and the involuntary nervous system.
immune system The collection of cells and their responses that help the body fight off infections and deal with foreign substances that may provoke allergies.
infection A disease that can spread from one organism to another. It’s usually caused by some sort of germ.
journal (in science) A publication in which scientists share their research findings with the public. Some journals publish papers from all fields of science, technology, engineering and math, while others are specific to a single subject. The best journals are peer-reviewed: They send out all submitted articles to outside experts to be read and critiqued. The goal, here, is to prevent the publication of mistakes, fraud or sloppy work.
mature (verb) The process of growth and development that occurs as an individual moves toward adulthood.
microcephaly A condition that leaves babies with abnormally small heads and partially developed brains.
nerve A long, delicate fiber that communicates signals across the body of an animal. An animal’s backbone contains many nerves, some of which control the movement of its legs or fins, and some of which convey sensations such as hot, cold, pain.
neuroscience Science that deals with the structure or function of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Researchers in this field are known as neuroscientists.
risk The chance or mathematical likelihood that some bad thing might happen. For instance, exposure to radiation poses a risk of cancer. Or the hazard — or peril — itself. Among cancer risks that the people faced were radiation and drinking water tainted with arsenic.
STEM An acronym (abbreviation made using the first letters of a term) for science, technology, engineering and math.
stem cell A “blank slate” cell that can give rise to other types of cells in the body. Stem cells play an important role in tissue regeneration and repair.
symptom A physical or mental indicator generally regarded to be characteristic of a disease. Sometimes a single symptom — especially a general one, such as fever or pain — can be a sign of any of many different types of injury or disease.
syndrome Two or more symptoms that together characterize a particular disease, disorder or social condition.
ventilator (in medicine) A device used to help a person breathe — take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide — when the body cannot easily do that on its own.
virus Tiny infectious particles consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by protein. Viruses can reproduce only by injecting their genetic material into the cells of living creatures. Although scientists frequently refer to viruses as live or dead, in fact no virus is truly alive. It doesn’t eat like animals do, or make its own food the way plants do. It must hijack the cellular machinery of a living cell in order to survive.
womb Another name for the uterus, the organ in mammals in which a fetus grows and matures in preparation for birth.
Zika A viral disease that can be transmitted to humans via mosquitoes. About 20 percent of infected people get sick. Symptoms include a slight fever, rash and pinkeye and usually fade quickly. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus could also cause a devastating birth defect — microcephaly. Evidence suggests it may also cause neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
(www.sciencenewsforstudents.org)
Grandparents' diet could be a weighty issue for grandkids
Male mice can pass on a heightened obesity risk to their sons and grandsons
DINSA SACHAN |
| Unhealthy eating today could heighten obesity risks for future generations, a new study finds. (SKYNESHER/ISTOCKPHOTO) |
Here’s some bad news for health conscious people. If their parents and grandparents gorged on unhealthy food, they may face an exaggerated risk of weight gain. That’s the finding of a new mouse study. It’s not yet been confirmed that the same is true in people. But it was a concern over human risks that prompted the new study.
Too little exercise and eating too many calories are root causes of obesity. However, in the past few years, scientists have begun to explore the role of our DNA. Some genes may play a role in making people fat. For instance, studies have shown that some genes can make a person’s body burn calories less efficiently. People with these “fat” genes could find it hard to lose weight.
The latest study, conducted in Australia, adds to those depressing data. It shows that the tendency of some people to become overweight may trace to what their parents or even grandparents ate long before they were born.
That new experiment was conducted in two parts. First, the researchers bred a group of obese male mice with lean females. They also bred a control group with each other. Here, both males and females had a healthy weight.
When male mice that had an obese father were given junk food to eat, they developed a lot of problems. They had higher-than-normal levels of blood sugar, or glucose. They also had an excess of the hormone insulin in their blood. Perhaps worst of all, their livers accumulated too much fat. All of these conditions are generally found in people who are obese, have metabolic syndrome or have diabetes.
Female mice born to obese fathers were not affected. The male mice that had a lean father also showed no problems.
The DNA in the two sets of offspring were the same. This meant that the genes of those obese fathers were not the problem, says Jennifer Cropley. She works at the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute in Darlinghurst, Australia. The animals’ genes had not been directly to blame, her team found. Their symptoms of metabolic syndrome instead traced to how or when certain genes were allowed to operate.
Cropley studies epigenetics. It’s the branch of science that looks at how things in the environment, including diet, can affect little “tags” on genes. These tags work like switches to turn genes on and off. And it was those external switches that were somehow altered, Cropley’s group discovered.
What’s more, it wasn’t just the sons of the obese dads that showed this metabolic problem. The grandsons, too, developed the same problems after they ate junk food for a while. And this held even for mice whose fathers had eaten well and maintained a healthy weight.
These findings will be published soon in the journal Molecular Metabolism.
Why was this just a male thing?
When the scientists realized it wasn’t genes themselves that were making the next generation of mice fat, they wondered what was going on. What might be happening during mating that made sons and the grandsons of obese male mice so vulnerable?They decided to look at the sperm of the male mice. RNA is a type of genetic material. It acts like a watchdog, deciding whether or not its gene gets turned on. The RNA in sperm was different in the sons with obese fathers than in sons with lean dads. “It was always thought that sperm just have DNA,” says Cropley. “But in fact, they have RNA molecules,” she says.
This study will change people’s attitudes toward pregnant women, Cropley predicts. “If you’re pregnant, you’re told you should eat well and not drink or smoke,” says Cropley. “Our results prove that contributions of dads might be just as important.”
Laura Dearden is a researcher at the University of Cambridge in England. There, she studies how early-life factors can affect someone’s appetite. Dearden says the study sends out a warning message: “If you are aware of a history of obesity in your family tree, even if your parents aren't obese, you should be careful what you eat.”
Michelle Holland is a researcher at Blizard Institute in London, England. Like Cropley, she studies epigenetics. Holland says scientists always thought this kind of “non-genetic inheritance” did not occur in mammals. But studies such as this have begun to prove that the previous “assumption was wrong.”
Power Words
blood sugar The body circulates glucose, a type of simple sugar, in blood to tissues of the body where it is used as a fuel. The body extracts this simple sugar from breakdown of sugars and starches. However, some diseases, most notably diabetes, can allow an unhealthy concentration of this sugar to build up in blood.calorie The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. It is typically used as a measurement of the energy contained in some defined amount of food.
cardiac arrhythmia An irregular heartbeat. There are several types of arrhythmias; the heart can beat too fast, too slow or in a pattern that’s not normal. Some arrhythmias are mild and have little if any effect; others can be life-threatening.
control A part of an experiment where there is no change from normal conditions. The control is essential to scientific experiments. It shows that any new effect is likely due only to the part of the test that a researcher has altered. For example, if scientists were testing different types of fertilizer in a garden, they would want one section of it to remain unfertilized, as the control. Its area would show how plants in this garden grow under normal conditions. And that give scientists something against which they can compare their experimental data.
diabetes A disease where the body either makes too little of the hormone insulin (known as type 1 disease) or ignores the presence of too much insulin when it is present (known as type 2 diabetes).
diet The foods and liquids ingested by an animal to provide the nutrition it needs to grow and maintain health. (verb) To adopt a specific food-intake plan for the purpose of controlling body weight.
DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) A long, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells that carries genetic instructions. It is built on a backbone of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms. In all living things, from plants and animals to microbes, these instructions tell cells which molecules to make.
environment The sum of all of the things that exist around some organism or the process and the condition those things create for that organism or process. Environment may refer to the weather and ecosystem in which some animal lives, or, perhaps, the temperature, humidity and placement of components in some electronics system or product.
epigenetic changes Molecular switches that can turn a gene on or off. Methyl groups — chemical clusters each made of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms — latch onto DNA near a gene. It’s these methyl groups that can alter the programmed activity of a gene, turning it on or off. Individuals can acquire an epigenetic change at any time during their lives
fat A natural oily or greasy substance occurring in animal bodies, especially when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs. Fat’s primary role is as an energy reserve. Fat is also a vital nutrient, though it can be harmful to one’s health if consumed in excess amounts.
fatty liver disease A condition that results when too much fat builds up inside the liver. People who are obese or drink too much alcohol risk developing this condition. Left untreated and allowed to worsen, it can eventually lead to life-threatening liver failure.
gene (adj. genetic) A segment of DNA that codes, or holds instructions, for producing a protein. Offspring inherit genes from their parents. Genes influence how an organism looks and behaves.
genetic Having to do with chromosomes, DNA and the genes contained within DNA. The field of science dealing with these biological instructions is known as genetics. People who work in this field are geneticists.
generation A group of individuals born about the same time or that are regarded as a single group. Your parents belong to one generation of your family, for example, and your grandparents to another. Similarly, you and everyone within a few years of your age across the planet -are referred to as belonging to a particular generation of humans. The term is sometimes extended to inanimate objects, such as electronics or automobiles.
glucose A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms. It is half of the molecule that makes up table sugar (also known as sucrose).
hormone (in zoology and medicine) A chemical produced in a gland and then carried in the bloodstream to another part of the body. Hormones control many important body activities, such as growth. Hormones act by triggering or regulating chemical reactions in the body. (in botany) A chemical that serves as a signaling compound that tells cells of a plant when and how to develop, or when to grow old and die.
insulin A hormone produced in the pancreas (an organ that is part of the digestive system) that helps the body use glucose as fuel.
liver An organ of the body of animals with backbones that performs a number of important functions. It can store fat and sugar as energy, breakdown harmful substances for excretion by the body, and secrete bile, a greenish fluid released into the gut, where it helps digest fats and neutralize acids.
mammal A warm-blooded animal distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for feeding the young, and (typically) the bearing of live young.
metabolic syndrome A health condition made up of any three of the following six problems: obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, high levels of bad fats alongside low good cholesterol, extra blood components that cause inflammation and extra blood components that lead to clots. People with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of developing diabetes or heart disease.
metabolism The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that take place inside cells and bigger structures, such as organs. These reactions enable organisms to grow, reproduce, move and otherwise respond to their environments.
molecule An electrically neutral group of atoms that represents the smallest possible amount of a chemical compound. Molecules can be made of single types of atoms or of different types. For example, the oxygen in the air is made of two oxygen atoms (O2), but water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).
obesity Extreme overweight. Obesity is associated with a wide range of health problems, including type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.
risk The chance or mathematical likelihood that some bad thing might happen. For instance, exposure to radiation poses a risk of cancer. Or the hazard — or peril — itself. Among cancer risks that the people faced were radiation and drinking water tainted with arsenic.
RNA (short for ribonucleic acid) A single-stranded molecule inside most of cells that performs a number of functions, including producing protein. RNA molecules can also play a role in the expression of some genes.
sperm The reproductive cell produced by a male animal (or, in plants, produced by male organs). When one joins with an egg, the sperm cell initiates fertilization. This is the first step in creating a new organism.
symptom A physical or mental indicator generally regarded to be characteristic of a disease. Sometimes a single symptom — especially a general one, such as fever or pain — can be a sign of any of many different types of injury or disease.
(www.sciencenewsforstudents.org)
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CPU: Intel Core i7-3770 at 3.4 GHz / AMD FX-8350 at 4.0 GHz
RAM: 16 GB
HARD DRIVE: At least 25 GB of free space
VIDEO: NVIDIA GeForce® GTX 970 4GB or better / AMD Radeon™ R9 280x 3GB or better
Aragami Torrent
Mortal Kombat XL Torrent
OS: 64-bit: Win 7, Win 8, Win 10
Processor:Intel Core i7-3770, 3.4 GHz | AMD FX-8350, 4.0 GHz
Memory: 8 GB RAM
Graphics:NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660 | AMD Radeon HD 7950
DirectX:Version 11
Storage:44 GB available space
System Requirements Recommandée
OS:64-bit: Win 7, Win 8, Win 10
Processor:Intel Core i7-3770, 3.4 GHz | AMD FX-8350, 4.0 GHz
Memory:8 GB RAM
Graphics:NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660 | AMD Radeon HD 7950
DirectX:Version 11
Storage:44 GB available space
